The Tempest - William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Tempest William Shakespeare Essay Although William Shakespeare’s The Tempest is often categorized as his late romance, its plots reflect the major social movement of that time—the Europeans settling in the New World. As the Europeans eagerly set out to find the New World, they left behind hopeful citizens pondering over what they would find. In The Tempest, through the characters, we can infer that the Europeans’ intentions ranged from creating the perfect government to interacting with the inhabitants. They discovered that their idea of the perfect government in which everyone is equal failed to exist. Nonetheless, they were correct in their anticipation that the New World would already be settled—by savage ‘Native Americans’. They eventually integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. In their journey to the New World, the Europeans failed to establish an ideal government, yet succeeded in incorporating the natives into their own society. One of the Europeans’ expectations of the New World was a perfect government in which everyone would be equal. In The Tempest, Shakespeare’s character Gonzalo describes it as a government where there would be â€Å"no occupation; all men idle, all;/And women too, but innocent and pure;/No sovereignty. † (II. 1, ll. 154-156) Even as his comrades ridiculed him, he is steadfast in his belief, and simply labels them as â€Å"gentlemen of brave mettle. † (II. 1, l. 181). This would seem like the ideal government, and would work in theory. In European society in the early seventeenth century, much emphasis was placed on class. The lower class faced many restrictions, and many citizens were infuriated with the class system. To the lower class, the hope of a perfect government in which everyone was equal was ideal. Another one of their hopes was that the natives, although barbaric, would be of great use to them when they first settled. They hoped to incorporate the Native Americans into their own society. In The Tempest, Caliban, the original native of the island, originally greeted Prospero with respect: â€Å"When thou cam’st first,/Thou strok’st me and made much of me†¦then I loved thee/And showed thee all the qualities o’ th’ isle,/The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (I. 2, ll. 333-338) When Prospero first came to the island, Caliban went through the trouble of finding him the best food and water sources. Because of Caliban’s kindness, this shows that the Europeans believed that the Native Americans would be easy to manipulate, and thus, easy to control. They hoped to be in command of the Native Americans so that the task of controlling North America would be easier. To gradually incorporate the natives into their own society as slaves was one of the hopes of the Europeans. However, their hopes and predetermined ideas were found to be inaccurate. The reality was that the utopian government that the Europeans dreamed about did not exist. In fact, Gonzalo’s government was impractical. There would always be conflict, and if everyone was equal, they would feel equally poor. This would call for a sovereign, which would defeat the purpose of everyone being equal. Hierarchy will always exist simply because it is human nature to strive for the best. For example, in The New World, this was reflected in the colony of Jamestown. There was always a captain in charge. A chain of order was important in order to prevent chaos in times of distress. Conversely, one of their expectations became a reality. They believed that the natives would be savages. The Europeans looked down upon the Native Americans because they appeared in many ways to be subhuman. This was due to non-Christianity, a primitive dress style, and a sense of filth: â€Å"Their hair is usually black, but few have any beards. The men wear half their heads shaven, the other half long†¦some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most wary. All Savage†¦For their apparel, they are some time covered with the skins of wild [beasts]†¦There is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which Savages have not a religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Europeans viewed the Native Americans as inferior beings. At first, the Native Americans were inclined to incorporate the Europeans as an intermediary: â€Å"Americans sought to incorporate the newcomers into their universe. (Kupperman 175) They also concluded that the Europeans would be of great use to trade with. As time progressed, both the Native Americans and the Europeans strived to merge the other into their own hierarchy. (Kupperman 174) However, this attempt at incorporating the other soon proved to be futile. In The Tempest, Caliban is always plotting to overthrow Prospero (conversation with Trinculo and Stephano). This is paralleled in the Europeans’ constant, underlying worry that the natives would revolt against them: â€Å"Both the Roanoke and Jamestown olonists reported that conspiracies against them were planned. † (Kupperman 175) The Native Americans knew their territory, and gradually developed tactics to fend off attackers. The Native Americans were highly skilled warriors, yet lacked the technology that the Europeans had. (Barbour) In addition, the Europeans had resistance to disease that overwhelmed the Native Americans. Eventually, the Europeans managed to seize power in their settlements, and incorporated the Native Americans into their civilization as slaves. Although the Europeans failed to establish a utopian government, their efforts to merge the Native Americans into their society were successful. Their ideal failed to exist simply because of human nature. Nonetheless, they integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. Albeit unconventional, the expectations of the Europeans were portrayed to some degree. Through The Tempest, the Europeans’ hope of establishing an model government did not become a reality, yet they managed to incorporate the natives.

Organizational Structure Of The Edc Hotel Tourism Essay

Organizational Structure Of The Edc Hotel Tourism Essay The staffs available in EDC hotel are total with 60 people for all post. Amount the 60 people they are separate in 4 categories, which is permanent staff, contract staff, permanent part-time staff and temporary staff. The numbers of permanent staff are in 4 people, contract staff 34 people, permanent part-time staff are 8 people and the temporary staffs are 14 people. The General Manager of Hotel EDC is Mrs Suzzaini. She has been a lecturer in UUM before and now her as a full time staff in EDC. She also as the head who interview us when we doing research in EDC Hotel. For the other position and names by all the staff are shows with organization chart below: The human resource policies are under control by the Human Resource or HR Department. The HR department is using to manage and control the operation working of staff. Now, we are going to discuss about the human resource policies under EDC hotel. The EDC hotel are choosing 2 types of staff when they making selection after recruitment. The 2 types of staff they taken are temporary staff and also permanent staff. The duty times for these 2 types of staff are different. For the temporary staff are getting shorter working time and the salary are fewer than the permanent staff. By the permanent staff working times are full times, that mean they are working whole days however is a public holiday. The EDC hotel is facing the problems lack of staff. The cause of making this problem happen is most of the staff inside EDC Hotel are temporary workers of staff. So, the staff inside EDC are working more than 1 job however they are getting same salary. Like an example, For the security guard of EDC Hotel at the front exit are also working as a cleaner for guard house and also a staff of control rooms like control all the lights in EDC. EDC hotel also provide the training program for the UUM students. The HR department is choosing the practical students from UUM as a temporary staff and also gives the take part in training program. This have helpful for solve the problems of workers shortage. After the students finish practical, EDC hotel are give them chance to choose stay or leave the hotel and the HR department will choose another practical students to work in hotel again. Besides that, the EDC Hotel will also give chances for those students are wish to work in hotel when holidays or free times in hotel. The students who wish that will as a part-time workers, this mean the student can quit anytime and wont tight by a contract. The HR department also working as confirms that all the staff inside EDC is working, because they must make sure that the hotel is keep operation smoothly. Through the information above we have know the types and the operation of managing of staff inside EDC Hotel. The Sales and Marketing Strategies Sales is an important part in a hotel operation, the sales are good or not can affect the hotel operation also. The sales can bring the income and also the famous of the hotel. Every hotels are trying to push their sales at the top, even if EDC UUM also. Through the hotel we making the research, EDC UUM we have get the information of the sales of the hotel are separate in 2 parts. The first one is from the room sales of EDC hotel. The hotel EDC is located near the UUM so most of the consumers are students and their parents. And we also get that, the hotel EDC are get two peak season in every years, that is when the UUM running the week of orientation and during the convocation. The rooms of hotel EDC are fully booking by many students and their parents during peak season. So, for someone they are late booking they cant get the room. Through the staff in EDC, we also get know that, for who like to get rooms when convocation or orientation weeks, they must booking earlier than 1 month before. We also get the information from the GM about that, at the normal days the rooms are available in anytime. It means every people can get booking at the time u like or u can choose direct to EDC and asking for the available rooms u can get. So for those parents and friends come to visit their children and friends in UUM can get accommodation with easily by EDC Hotel. One more part of the sale that supports the hotel income and operation is through the food and beverage department in EDC hotel. The restaurant in EDC hotel is available for public. This mean although u do not rent the hotel rooms in EDC u also can go enjoy the meals they provide after u pay it. This have attract many UUM students those are feeling boredom of the food provide in the food courts of UUM are going to EDC to enjoy the different meals in campus. Management and Functions of Each Department There were eight management departments in EDC UUM such as front office, housekeeping, sales and marketing, food and beverage, human resources, finance and administrative, facilities and maintenance, and safety and security. Each department has their own function and responsibility to operate. Front Office Department Front office department plays very important roles in EDC hotel. The department can be separate into two sections; there are front desk and back office. Each section of front office services has their own responsibilities. The main function of the department is selling, register and assign guestroom to the customers. They also responsibilities to handle the phone call in the hotel and make reservation for the customers. Front office service specialists also have a good understanding to take part in guest settlement such as resolve conflicts with customers and handle weirdly customers if certain cases had happen. Housekeeping Department The function of housekeeping department is maintained the cleanliness and order, building and furniture in the hotel. Besides cleanliness, housekeeping department must make sure the comfortable in the hotel such as softness of pillow, comfort of mattresses and quality of bed. These department personnel include chief of housekeeping department, supervisors, senior maids and maids which their jobs are checking the quality in the hotel periodically. Housekeeping department is one of the hotel services that are very strict regulation. Each position has its own well defined instructions. Sales and Marketing Department The main function of sales and marketing department is to promote the hotel products and services to the customers. They offer and selling the hotels room to individual guest for holiday purpose or diverse conferences facilities to certain customers. In addition, they also make an improvement on sales and public relations and brand image of hotel in the market. The department always acts as an agent to provide latest information and updating to the hotel. Food and Beverage Department The function of the department is providing food and beverage to the customers. They also provide food and beverage for meetings, groups, conferences and theme parties. Meanwhile, EDC hotel also responsibilities provided banquet events to customers. The banquet events involve many service styles; there are buffet services, family style service and so on. When during any festival, EDC hotel also provided Ramadhan package and offered to every customers to enjoy delicious food in the hotel. Human Resources Department Human Resource Department is a department that combines the traditional administrative function and well-being employees within the organization. They involve the activities such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling employees at work. The department is responsible on hiring, terminating and training staff for the development and application of ongoing research on strategic advances. They also responsible for understanding their employees and identify their individual needs and career goal, develop positive interaction between workers to ensure verify and constructive enterprise productivity and provide remedial measures in the form of seminars or workshops for the worker who are lack of knowledge or insufficient training. On the other hand, HR also focuses on recruit the required workforce and manages staff effectively to success meet strategic goal. Finance Department The accounting department is monitoring the financial activities in the hotel. They prepare the budget and assign revenue to different department. They also prepare the financial statement of the hotel. Meanwhile, the department also collects the revenue from guests and giving salaries to employees. They always keep check on the account of FB cost, other purchases and expenditure under several heads for each department. Facilities and Maintenance Department The function of facilities and maintenance department in EDC hotel is provide a well repairing and maintenance services included structural, mechanical and electronic services, painting, air-conditioners repair and maintenance and so on. The department is also responsible to maintain all the furniture and fixtures in the hotel. Furthermore, they also work closely with the front office to ensure the guests satisfaction. The department must always make sure there have a safety and healthy work environment to the employees in the hotel. Safety and Security Department The security officers in the EDC hotel is responsible provide a safety and security environment to the hotel workers to work and business man to do business even customers who are stay in the hotel. Apart from that, security in the hotel also became an essential and strongly force in preventing losses and missing property. In addition, security guard also working as cleaners in the guard house and staff in the control room to control all the air-conditioner and PA system in the hotel while any activities were in the progress. Cost of Running Operation We have been gone to the EDC hotel and interview their manager, Mrs.Suzzaini to interview how many the costs they are used in running a hotel. However, Mrs Suzzaini did not provide us very detail about the budgeting of the hotel because it is private and confidential. She just provided us the cost of electric and water cost; there are about 52 thousand and 400 thousand per month. Below is a general costs that always will use to run a hotel but its only can act as a references. Basically, running a hotel need a lot of money to maintain stage. Cost of the publicity is one of the costs that cannot less. Most of the hotel are depend advertising and package to attract customers come and stay at their hotel. Then, a hotel needs some costs to make improvement on infrastructure and facilities and also maintenance on the building, electronic and water even any structural in the hotel. Meanwhile, hotel management also needs to pay taxes of the building and other fixed asset. To prepare FB to customers, hotel management also needs some cost to purchase food and do banquet for customers. And the last but not least, accounting department also needs pay salary, incentive and bonus to their employees in the hotel. Common Problem Faced By Hotel The common problem that faced by EDC hotel is administrative problem such as movement of the staffs. When the staffs are leave, the hotel management needs some time to hire and training news staffs. Therefore, EDC hotel always faced lack of staffs in hotel department. Overbooking also is a problem that always faced by EDC hotel. When during convocation time and orientation week, there are many parents and graduate came to the hotel and stay at there. EDC hotel is one of the hotels that very near to the UUM compared to the other hotel, in order to convenience and no waste many time, EDC hotel always happen the rooms were overbooking. So, the hotel management now was build an extension of the hotel to overcame the hotels rooms overbooking in certain festival. Customers complaints are very normal incident that always occurred in every hotel. The common problem that customers always complaints are poor customers service such as attitude and behavior of the workers, the food not delicious, waiting for more than 30 minute to eat in a restaurant and so on. Meanwhile, some customers also complaint about the pricing of the room, food even a service charge were very expensive. Therefore, hotel management must always train their staffs to fulfill the customers needs.

Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Disturbances in Neglected Chil

Every year millions of children are abused and neglected worldwide. Child abuse is a global concern. It has severe outcomes on the children who are victims, and often the effects are long-lasting. Child abuse is a highly under-reported crime although of those reported, neglect accounts for the majority of child abuse cases (Pala, ÃÅ"nalacak, & ÃÅ"nlà ¼oÄŸlu, 2011). Neglect in children often has more dire consequences than other types of child abuse (DePanfilis, Children’s Bureau, & Office on Child Abuse & Neglect, 2006). One consequence especially prevalent in neglected children is insecure or lack of attachment to a primary caregiver. John Bowlby’s research has shown the evolutionary importance of infant attachments, further research shows that infant attachment styles carry over into adulthood (Levine & Heller, 2011). Neglected children showed disturbed attachments that manifest into developmental delays and behavioral problems. Through treatment neglected childr en aim to learn how to create secure attachments (Hardy, 2007). Defining neglect Numerous teachers, family doctors, social workers, among other professionals will be faced with child abuse and have the responsibility of reporting mistreatment. Therefore, it is important for these specialists to be able to recognize signs of child abuse and neglect (Pala, et al, 2011). The World Health Organization Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention currently recognizes four types of child abuse: physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect. Dr. Bengà ¼ Pala and his colleagues found that neglect accounted for up to 71% of the child abuse cases in 2008 around the world. They defined neglect as a parent or caregiver’s precedence of failure to provide for the development and welfare of the child ... ...on regulation and emotional stability (Hardy, 2007). From 2000 to 2004, 7.6 out of every 1,000 children were reported as being neglected. The Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect found that less than a third of child maltreatment is reported. The signs of neglect can often be subtle and hard for other adults to recognize; this attributes to the underreporting of neglect cases (DePanfilis, et al., 2006). Due to the fact that child abuse distresses millions of children every year and millions more suffer silently, it is important to improve research on the dilemma. Several studies acknowledge that there is an absence of research on attachment theory in neglected children (Venet et al.) It is imperative that research on attachment disorders drastically advance so that effective treatments can be developed allowing neglected children to heal.

Lyrical Analysis of The End :: essays papers

Lyrical Analysis of The End The night they recorded "The End" would always remain a significant moment for Jim Morrison. After everyone finally went home for the night he couldn't stop thinking about. He climbed an eight-foot-high wooden gate, somehow got back into the studio. He was breathing hard as he took off his shoes and jeans and shirt. Naked he grabbed a large sand ashtray and threw it. Then he pulled a fire extinguisher from a wall and sprayed the foam all over. He hosed the whole place down, especially in the area where the band was. Jim Morrison knew he would get no rest that night until he quenched the fire he had lit in the studio. He was drunk but he knew enough about himself to know it was the only way he would get any peace. What he may not have known is that the real fire he started that night was on the inside, where it could never be put out. "The End" tells of the impending end of a love affair quite possibly by murder. Its an eleven minute psychosexual epic done entirely in one chord (E). The song is an incredible achievement in music, there's nothing that can even come close to what was done with "The End", in terms of the rhythmic and melodic variation backing a complex story line. It builds to an effect of mood rather than a sequence of events. Morrison's masterpiece was almost pure poetry, which probably remains the single most astounding track the doors ever recorded. Jim Morrison uses words as much for their emotive effect as their meaning. The song suggests rather than states a mind filled with fears of sex, violence and death. Its the imagery more than the meaning of the words themselves that gets the message across. The imagery is terrifying-"the snake is long" and he's "old and his skin is cold." A symbol of evil if combined with images of sex and death. After a "Roman wilderness of pain" we take on an even more treacherous journey. The journey to paradise where all things are possible can be accomplished by giving your final destination to the driver of the "blue bus". The promise of wisdom for those who are willing to go to the "ancient lake." But the wisdom is sad, hopeless forbidden knowledge-the knowledge of evil.

Discrimination Of Adolescents :: essays research papers

The discrimination of adolescents has steadily increased over the years. Adults and media of modern day society discriminate all adolescents behavior based on a small minority of teens. This is due to the behavior of adolescents, the media ¡Ã‚ ¯s perception of teens, and as a result, the only way to end this madness is a compromise. First of all, the behavior of adolescents is a main cause of discrimination. Adolescents want attention from society by acting inappropriately and claiming it as individualism. The new generation of adolescents acts differently mainly because they have too much freedom; there is no one to discipline them. In the past, when adolescents did poorly or behaved inappropriately in school, they were often punished in the form of physical abuse. Mr. H, a high school teacher did poorly in school when he was young. The principal had beat him and called his parents. When his parents found out, they beat him and took him back to school to meet the principal. Mr. H was beaten once again by both parties in the principal ¡Ã‚ ¯s office. Youths were disciplined back then but nowadays there are no consequences for their faults, so youths abuse their rights on a regular basis. Additionally, youths are jealous of adults. Adults possess privileges which youth ¡Ã‚ ¯s do not such as smoking, watching X -rated movies, and drinking. This factor forces youths to act older than they really are so they can receive the same privileges but youths fail to realize that they are not adults. So by smoking, watching X-rated movies, and drinking, adolescents have earned a bad reputation. However it is a small minority of youths that act this way, and they are ruining the reputation of adolescents as a whole. These individuals are the rotten apple spoiling the barrel. In another case, adolescents are discriminated because of the way youths are portrayed by the media. First of all, the media mainly focuses on negativity. There are rarely any reports on righteous events. In movies, teens are hooligans and thieves. In the movie  ¡Ã‚ °True Lies ¡Ã‚ ±, the protagonist ¡Ã‚ ¯s daughter stole money and had a punk boyfriend on a motorcycle. The media is also famous for producing bad role models such as Eminem. All adolescents have role models to look up to. The message Eminem sends out through his music encourages teens to act disgraceful. Again, it is the small minority of teens who look up to bad role models and act inappropriately that ruins the reputation of adolescents as a whole.

Cost Volume Profit Analysis

THE USE OF COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 1. 1Background of study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Research Questions 6. Research Hypothesis 7. Scope and Limitation of the study 8. Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† . 1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 2. Cost-Volume-Profit Limitations 3. Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the Cost-Volume-Profit Relation 4. Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis 5. Formular method of finding break point 6. The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis 7. Decision making function 8. Other tools for decision ma king and control CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 3. 1Sources of data 2. Primary sources of data 1. Personal/Oral interview 2.Questionnaire method 3. Secondary sources of data 4. Population and sample size determination 5. Method of data collection 6. Method of validating the instrument 7. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 4. 1Preliminary information 2. Data analysis 3. Testing and interpretation of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 5. 1Summary of findings 2. Conclusions . Recommendations Bibliography Questionnaire *** Read the following instructions carefully *** Our main website is www. careerslit. com and our official Phone n umbers are 08169533305, 08158646653, and 08126773402. Please take note of this website, our Phone numbers and email addresses. Print out these instructions if you will like to purchase Project materials from us. ********************************************** VIEW CHAPTER ONE BEFORE PAYMENT: If you are ready/willing to purchase this Project Materials from us (at the rate of N3000), you can view CHAPTER ONE free.We allow NEW VISITORS to view chapter one in order to prove to them that we are REAL and that the above material is AVAILABLE. ********************************************** HOW TO VIEW CHAPTER ONE FREE: To view CHAPTER ONE FREE, Send Your Project Topic, Email Address & Phone Number to our email ([email  protected] com) through your email. 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Can I pay for a materials that is not on this website? – Ans 4= No. DON’T PAY if your topic is not on this website. 5) Question 5.Can I change case study of my topic? – Ans 5= Yes. If the material on this website is â€Å"a case study of Enugu†, you can change to â€Å"a case study of Lagos State†. 6) Question 6. How will I know if you have sent the material to my email? – Ans 6= After sending the materials to your email, we will send SMS to your pho ne number provided ********************************** Love your neighbour as yourself. Let Love Lead. Say no to cultism, bloodshed, Violence, bombing or terrorism. We are all Nigerians, One Nation and brothers. Peace be unto you. ********************************** Cost Volume Profit Analysis THE USE OF COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 1. 1Background of study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Research Questions 6. Research Hypothesis 7. Scope and Limitation of the study 8. Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† . 1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 2. Cost-Volume-Profit Limitations 3. Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the Cost-Volume-Profit Relation 4. Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis 5. Formular method of finding break point 6. The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis 7. Decision making function 8. Other tools for decision ma king and control CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 3. 1Sources of data 2. Primary sources of data 1. Personal/Oral interview 2.Questionnaire method 3. Secondary sources of data 4. Population and sample size determination 5. Method of data collection 6. Method of validating the instrument 7. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 4. 1Preliminary information 2. Data analysis 3. Testing and interpretation of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 5. 1Summary of findings 2. Conclusions . Recommendations Bibliography Questionnaire *** Read the following instructions carefully *** Our main website is www. careerslit. com and our official Phone n umbers are 08169533305, 08158646653, and 08126773402. Please take note of this website, our Phone numbers and email addresses. 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Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Essay

Kohlberg’s six stages can be more generally grouped into three levels of two stages each: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Following Piaget’s constructivist requirements for a stage model, as described in his theory of cognitive development, it is extremely rare to regress in stages—to lose the use of higher stage abilities. Stages cannot be skipped; each provides a new and necessary perspective, more comprehensive and differentiated than its predecessors but integrated with them. Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What’s in it for me?) (Paying for a benefit) Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience) The understanding gained in each stage is retained in later stages, but may be regarded by those in later stages as simplistic, lacking in sufficient attention to detail. Pre-conventional[edit] The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development, and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with preconventional morality has not yet adopted  or internalized society’s conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring. In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished. â€Å"The last time I did that I got spanked so I will not do it again.† The worse the punishment for the act is, the more â€Å"bad† the act is perceived to be.[16] This can give rise to an inference that even innocent victims are guilty in proportion to their suffering. It is â€Å"egocentric,† lacking recognition that others’ points of view are different from one’s own.There is â€Å"deference to superior power or prestige.† Stage two (self-interest driven) espouses the â€Å"what’s in it for me† position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest but understood in a narrow way which does not consider one’s reputation or relationships to groups of people. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual’s own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a â€Å"You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours.† mentality. The lack of a societal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the social contract (stage five), as all actions have the purpose of serving the individual’s own needs or interests. For the stage two theorist, the world’s perspective is often seen as morally relative. Conventional[edit] The conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society’s views and expectations. The conventional level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society’s norms even when there are no consequences for  obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rule’s appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.[7][8][9] In Stage three (interpersonal accord and conformity driven), the self enters society by filling social roles. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society’s accordance with the perceived role. They try to be a â€Å"good boy† or â€Å"good girl† to live up to these expectations, having learned that there is inherent value in doing so. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person’s relationships, which now begin to include things like respect, gratitude and the â€Å"golden rule†. â€Å"I want to be liked and thought well of; apparently, not being naughty makes people like me.† Desire to maintain rules and authority exists only to further support these social roles. The intentions of actors play a more significant role in reasoning at this stage; one may feel more forgiving if one thinks, â€Å"they mean well †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Stage four (authority and social order obedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dictums and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three. A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would — thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong; culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it separates the bad domains from the good ones. Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force. Post-Conventional[edit] The post-conventional level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual’s own perspective may take precedence over society’s view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.  Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles — principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms — ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. Rules are not absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level. Some theorists have speculated that many people may never reach this level of abstract moral reasoning.[7][8][9] In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number of people.†[8] This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is ostensibly based on stage five reasoning. In Stage six (universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action. Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way, as in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. This involves an individual imagining what they would do in another’s shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be true.The resulting consensus is the action taken. In this way action is never a means but always an end in itself; the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon. Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he  found it difficult t o identify individuals who consistently operated at that level